International

External shocks—ranging from commodity-price spikes, wars, and pandemics to foreign monetary tightening and sudden stops of capital—pose immediate and diverse challenges for central banks. The appropriate response depends on the…

Understanding how energy prices are determined involves tracing a web of interconnected markets, physical flows and policy tools. Prices arise from the balance of supply and demand, yet they are…

Global inequality—both across nations and within their borders—has evolved through a tangled interplay of economic, technological, political and environmental forces over the past forty years, with some dynamics narrowing gaps…

Inflation does not arise solely from internal demand or wage-driven forces. Open economies consistently take in price pressures generated abroad. Imported inflation emerges when rising costs of foreign goods and…

Insufficient or patchy environmental information poses a widespread obstacle for governments, regulators, and companies seeking to uphold climate obligations. Such weak data may arise from limited monitoring networks, uneven self-reporting…

Global interest rates determined by major central banks and mirrored in international bond yields influence the worldwide cost of borrowing. Their effects ripple into everyday expenses such as mortgages, rents,…

A major shift in Israel’s intelligence leadership is taking shape as tensions with Iran persist, and earlier assumptions about how the conflict would unfold have not been realized, prompting renewed…

Accurate tracking of emissions forms the backbone of sound climate policy, corporate climate planning, and informed investor choices. When emissions are misreported, overlooked, or counted more than once, the issue…

Debt is a powerful fiscal constraint. When countries, institutions, or households carry heavy debt burdens, their ability to mobilize resources quickly and effectively to respond to pandemics, climate disasters, refugee…